Part II (4DB) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Volcanoes Essay -- essays research papers fc

A Look Into Volcanoes I. Presentation Volcano: characterized is a mountain or slope framed by the aggregation of materials emitted through at least one openings (called volcanic vents) in the world's surface. The term fountain of liquid magma can likewise allude to the vents themselves. Most volcanoes have steep sides, however some can be delicately slanting mountains or even level tablelands, levels, or fields. The volcanoes above ocean level are the most popular, yet by far most of the world's volcanoes lie underneath the ocean, framed along the worldwide maritime edge frameworks that befuddle the profound sea floor. As indicated by the Smithsonian Institution, 1511 above-ocean volcanoes have been dynamic during the previous 10,000 years, 539 of them ejecting at least multiple times during recorded history. All things considered, 50 to 60 above-ocean volcanoes overall are dynamic at whatever year; about portion of these are continuations of ejections from earlier years, and the rest are new. Mount St. H elen Volcanic emissions in populated districts are a huge danger to individuals, property, and farming. The risk is generally from quick moving, hot progressions of dangerously ejected materials, falling debris, and profoundly damaging magma streams and volcanic trash streams. Also, touchy emissions, even from volcanoes in uninhabited areas, can discharge debris high into the air, making floating volcanic debris mists that represent a genuine peril to planes. II. Spring of gushing lava Formation All volcanoes are shaped by the amassing of magma which is liquid stone that structures beneath the world's surface. Magma can emit through at least one volcanic vents, which can be a solitary opening, a bunch of openings, or a long break, called a crevice vent. It frames profound inside the earth, for the most part inside the upper piece of the mantle which is one of the layers of the world's covering, or less regularly, inside the base of the world's hull. High temperatures and weights are expected to shape magma. The strong mantle or crustal stone must be softened under conditions commonly came to at profundities of 50 to 60 mi. (80 to 100 km) underneath the world's surface. When little beads of magma are shaped, they start to rise on the grounds that the magma is less thick than the strong stone encompassing it. The procedures that cause the magma to rise are ineffectively seen, yet it by and large pushes upward toward lower pressure districts, crushing into spaces between minerals inside the soli... ...the main masses of soften. As liquefying proceeds with different minerals begin to dissolve also, and the science of the magma changes. From considers like this geologists have established that the beginning times of a Hawaiian fountain of liquid magma's life is created by magmas got from just little degrees of halfway dissolving, (for example, just 5% of the source softening and the rest remaining behind). Then again, when the fountain of liquid magma truly gets moving, (for example, at Kilauea and Mauna Loa), the level of source rock that melts to deliver the magma is maybe as high as 20%. There are numerous different manners by which science is utilized in volcanology, including the investigations of volcanic gases, cavity lakes, and attempting to decide the temperatures that magma had at the time they were emitted even long after the emission has finished. Book reference Book reference 1999 Microsoft Encarta; Volcanoes 1980 USGS; www.vulcan.wr.usgs.gov 2000 Volcano World; http://volcano.und.nodak.edu/vwdocs/visit questions/grp13/question1544.html 1980-2000 USGS; www.vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/photograph/volcanoes/MSH/framework.html 1993-2000 Microsoft Corporation; different well of lava media 2000 FEMA; www.fema.gov/library/volcanof.htm Word Count: 2186

American Culture Essay Topics That Students Should Write

American Culture Essay Topics That Students Should WriteMany colleges and universities have special emphasis in their course curriculums on American culture. The introduction of this new subject can be hard for many students to handle, since many were not exposed to the real American culture before in their childhood. The new course curriculum requires students to introduce themselves as Americans and the importance of American culture in their lives. There are several topics that they can focus on to make the essay effective.There are many different types of essays, they can write that may also include issues with business and finance, the news, sports, race relations, poverty, and history. They should be prepared for all types of essay subjects that are unique and different from other areas. There are some opportunities for students to work with a business school or law school so they will be able to understand American culture firsthand. This will help them write an American cultu re essay of significance.Another way to make the essay more compelling is to describe what it means to be American and what makes this country unique. Students may also want to add extra information to their essay topic, which could include things like stories, statistics, and arts and crafts. By including these extra things in the essay, they will feel much more confident about writing their own essay.Once they have an idea about what they will be writing about in their American culture essay, they can start researching the American culture they already know. This may include reading books or watching documentaries about American history. They should also try to find out how they personally feel about American culture by reading the works of other American citizens or getting to know other people who belong to different cultural groups.To write an American culture essay of significance, students need to keep it brief and simple. They should also avoid using lengthy words and phrase s, because this will limit their content. If possible, they should also avoid mentioning any aspects of the culture that are negative.Since their writing topic will include their personal views, students should consider what their professor might ask. Some professors may be very specific about some points in their class, while others may ask more general questions. Students may even be asked to do a qualitative analysis of American culture based on a writing assignment.To make their American culture essay topics more effective, students should keep in mind the topics that are relevant to their classes. If they are taking a class on the history of America, they should focus on topics related to the American history as well as its recent aspects.If they are taking a course on the American newspaper, they should concentrate on topics related to news as well as business. Whatever subjects they may choose, they should make sure that their writing is original and informative, and that it has something to say about their subject.

Life Is Like A River - 945 Words

If there is one consistency in life, then it is the one of change. As the ancient philosopher Heraclitus of Ephesus articulated with a brilliant and memorable statement on the river of flux that life is like a river: â€Å"We both step and do not step in the same rivers. We are and are not† (Heraclitus). What Heraclitus points out for those who are unfamiliar with this school of thought is, that the natural state of life is change where everything including ourselves is consistently changing, transforming, and morphing into something different than it was before. This theory that life is like a river is helpful for me to understand happiness. I like to see happiness as the river of flux where it comes, goes, and where it never appears the same. To me happiness has various forms and I try not to make it depended upon temporary conditions and rather go with the flow. For instance, having a good or bad experience is really more up to me. Yet some people may disagree with my view; however, out of my own experience happiness is not found in the outside world, more so I believe it is something what comes from within. The inside of that is that I am responsible for creating, living, and making conscious decisions on choosing to be happy in my life. For example, as a young adult, I knew I wanted to stretch my boundaries and pursue everything the world had to offer. I left my home country of Germany to move to the United States. I wanted to increase my fluency with the English languageShow MoreRelatedSiddhartha by Herman Hesse875 Words   |  4 Pagesferryman Vasudeva helping Siddhartha,the river helps Siddhartha with his path t oward enlightenment. The river serves as the instructor in Siddhartha’s journey when he abandons his wealth and leaves the Samanas. The river is like life, it flows in a certain direction, depending on the journey you want to take. The function of the river is that it will give one answers depending on the direction it takes. Because of the philosophical meaning of the river, if one understands it, they will achieveRead MoreSymbolism in The Negro Speaks of Rivers by Langston Hughes1074 Words   |  5 PagesSymbolism in â€Å"The Negro Speaks of Rivers† by Langston Hughes Symbolism embodies Hughes’ literary poem through his use of the river as a timeless symbol. A river can be portrayed by many as an everlasting symbol of perpetual and continual change and of the constancy of time and of life itself. People have equated rivers to the aspects of life - time, love, death, and every other indescribable quality which evokes human life. This analogy is because a river exemplifies characteristics that can beRead More Siddhartha Essay: The Symbols of the Smile and the River in Siddhartha1291 Words   |  6 PagesThe Symbols of the Smile and the River in Siddhartha      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An important symbol in Siddhartha is the smile. Each of the three characters in the story who attain a final state of complete serenity is characterized by a beautiful smile which reflects their peaceful, harmonious state. In each case this smile is a completely natural phenomenon; it cannot be created at will by people who have not attained the prerequisite state of harmony with life.    The first character who is describedRead MoreThe Importance of the Mississippi River1143 Words   |  5 PagesMississippi River in Huck Finn In Huck Finn, what leads the whole story flow and reveal the whole adventure? It is of course the Mississippi River. In real life, river is always the kind of symbol that represents life, changes, growth, and hope, as they are constantly moving. There are always a lot of stories happened on the river. Water is in it and we cannot survive without it. River always plays an important role of human society, so does the Mississippi River in Huck Finn. The Mississippi River is aRead MoreAnalysis Of Hermann Hesse s Siddhartha1520 Words   |  7 Pagesachievements in our lives like marrying your significant other. But what happens when we decide to leave our parents nest with the mindset of no return, where do we find comfort in times of change, who will be there? That is the transition the protagonist in the novel Siddhartha by Hermann Hesse decides to make when he leaves the comfort of his home and finds comfort in the flow of the river. Just as our parents are with us since birth the river was with Siddhartha. The river was with him since a youngRead MoreAnalysis Of Langston Hughes Poem The Negro Speaks Of Rivers 1242 Words   |  5 PagesDaniel Lemaire Professor Merton Lee EN-101-12 28 October 2014 Essay 2 While reading Langston Hughes’ poem, â€Å"The Negro Speaks of Rivers† the theme of roots is predominant throughout the reading, this theme raises question to the whole meaning of the poem. Although the word â€Å"roots† itself is never in the actual text, it contains strong details of the poem promoting deep imagery and depiction of veins, tributaries, and the roots of the plants and trees. Hughes wanted to give the reader the illusionRead MoreReform to The Trinity River1095 Words   |  5 Pagescivilizations have all been found along large river valleys, such as, the Indus River in India and the Yellow River in China. Water is an essential part of life; it does not just sustain the life of all human beings around the globe, but also sustains the life of every living thing known to this Earth. All of the major cities that we know today are surrounded by large river systems that supply its people with the means to survive in that region. These rivers also link o ur different communities togetherRead MoreFreedom And Inhumanity In Twains The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn893 Words   |  4 Pagescharacter in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Huck, life on land and the way of civilization that goes with it represent constrictive rules and inhumanity. Life on the river on the other hand and the wildness that goes with it represent freedom and humanity. The life and realizations of Huckleberry Finn in the novel show that the life that we thought is clean and organized on the outside is actually very pretentious and inhumane inside and the life that we thought as dangerous and wild is the one thatRead MoreA River Runs Through It - The Importance of Fishing Essay638 Words   |  3 Pagesread A River Runs through It some time in their life, is a gift. Whether fishermen use bait, worms, or Georges flies it is that much sweeter to catch some trout with a brother under one arm and a father on the other. The river and fishing made such a big impact on the Maclean family that it is the root of this book. The Macleans compared the river to life, went fishing to answer questions, and created a river that has a past full of memories. The river and fishing become metaphors for life by havingRead MoreEssay on Peace Like a River, by Leif Enger1167 Words   |  5 Pagessomeone makes to drink and drive while under the influence. If that person kills someone, then his decision impacts the lives of everyone involved and not just himself. A theme in Peace Like a River, by Leif Enger, is that people must accept the consequences of their actions because it influences the direction they go in life. This theme is developed through the character of Jeremiah, the conflict between Davy and the law, and the symbolism in the title of the novel. The character of Jeremiah reflects

Analysis of Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe - 768 Words

ANDRADE, Maria Ana Ruth D.L. M.A. Ed. Literature Things Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe â€Å"I fear for you young people because you do not understand how strong is the bond of kinship. You do not know what it is to speak with one voice. And what is the result? An abominable religion has settled among you. A man can now leave his father and his brothers. He can curse the gods of his fathers and his ancestors, like a hunter’s dog that suddenly goes mad and turns on his ancestors, like a hunter’s dog that suddenly goes mad and turns on his master. I fear for you; I fear for the clan.† Things Fall Apart is an African novel written in 1958. The text above was expressed by an old native of Mbanta, the motherland of Okonkwo. When Okonkwo†¦show more content†¦Because the Whites knew more about colonization, and government, they successfully brainwashed a number of Africans to assist them in claiming power over Umuofia. While the Whites were implementing their colonizing tactics, Okonkwo who represented the villagers who believed that the Whites were the enemy, the evil who respected the tribe’s religion (paganism) and laws, expressed his intentions first by convincing his fellowmen to drive the Westerners away and second by killing a White man when he failed to do the former. The text may be considered postmodern because Achebe leads the readers to believe that there is no hope for the Africans after Okonkwo killed himself. Paranoia exists in the third part of the novel which indicates that a search for order (Lewis, 2001) to the chaos between the Whites and Africans, Christianity and Paganism, White laws and African laws, is fruitless or absurd. The disappointing ending- the death of Okonkwo showed the hopeless situation of the people in Umuofia. It was not only because of the Whites that they fell apart but also for the reason that they themselves- their beliefs, laws fell apart because of the fragility of the identity of a number of them. This fragility of identity is referred to the young generation who were addressed by the quotations above. Another indication to prove the text’s postmodernism aspect is the presence of irony (Lewis, 2001) in the fate of Okonkwo. He was considered one of theShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Things Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe1827 Words   |  8 Pages In the novel, Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe, the setting is in Umofia, a lower Nigerian Clan and Mbanta, Okonkwos moms family. The novel starts with a man, whose name is Okonkwo, a respectable warrior, who dwells in Umofia, with his three spouses and nine kids. Okonkwo is spooked by his dad, Unokas dishonorable past. Okonkwo wants his child to be an extreme, capable warrior. Hence, this being said causes devastation upon Okonkwos families, destroying Nwoye and Okonkwo. Then, evangelistsRead MoreAnalysis of the ending of Things fall apart, by Chinua Achebe843 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ Things fall apart passage 7 The excerpt taken from Chinua Achebe’s Things fall apart comes from the end of the book, where the commissioner finds Okonkwo’s body dangling from a tree. This passage serves as closure for the novel, as the traditions of the past die along with Okonkwo. Achebe uses this specific scene in the novel to express both his views on the inevitable death of Igbo culture in the lower Niger (specifically Umuofia), as well as his perception of the portrayal of its people in westernRead MoreAn Analysis Of Chinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart 1073 Words   |  5 Pagesactivities and work. Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe is an incredible tome of African composition at its finest that is beautifully describes the Ibo lands and culture in Africa being taken over by British establishment. It very well describes the harsh fragments of being a woman in the Ibo Society and the consequences that come with being a female. The men in Ibo society have been taught from their passed down cult ure and religion to treat women harshly. In Things Fall Apart, the protagonist isRead MoreAnalysis Of King Lear By William Shakespeare And Things Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe1402 Words   |  6 Pages King Lear by William Shakespeare and Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe are works of writing that both consist of a hierarchy; an existing order in which way society is determined, which is later damaged. In King Lear by William Shakespeare, King Lear has decided to split up his kingdom and give each of his three daughters their inheritance. The two eldest daughters begin to devise a plot to rid their father’s authority and the existence of his former kingdom. The King is undermined by his own twoRead MoreChinua Achebe s Life Of Literature999 Words   |  4 PagesEssay: Chinua Achebe Chinua Achebe is a renowned Nigeria novelist lauded for his work in literature. Chinua Achebe has been credited with numerous works of literature ranging from novels to journals. His work cuts across borders, making huge success and accepted globally in the world of literature. Even critics had to accept Chinua Achebe is the greatest our time, such was Charles H Rowell a literary critic issued in Callaloo a reputable magazine. There was no surprise when Chinua Achebe wonRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart1719 Words   |  7 PagesThings fall apart is a classic novel written around the turn of the century, the novel focuses on the protagonist who we can also call a hero, Okonkwo. Okonkwo is a wealthy and respected leader within the Igbo tribe of Umuofia in eastern Nigeria. Strong individual with a passionate belief in all the values and traditions of his people. Chinua Achebe presents Okonkwo as a particular kind of tragic protagonist, a great man who carries the fate of his people. Okonkwo is a man who is inflexible andRead MoreChinua Achebe s Life Of Literature830 Words   |  4 Pages Chinua Achebe is a renowned Nigeria novelist lauded for his work in literature. Chinua Achebe has been credited with numerous works of literature ranging from novels to journals. His work cuts across borders, making huge success and accepted globally in the world of literature. Even critics had to accept Chinua Achebe is the greatest our time, such was Charles H Rowell a literary critic issued in Callaloo a reputable magazine. There was no surprise when Chinua Achebe won the 1972 Commonwealth prizeRead MoreChinua Achebe : The Invention And Mastery Of Modern African Literature1695 Words   |  7 Pages In her essay Chinua Achebe: The Invention and Mastery of Modern African Literature Emeka Aniagolu labels Chinua Achebe as â€Å"the single most important literary figure in modern African literature† (1). Aniagolu goes on to praise Achebe as â€Å"perhaps the most well-known, most widely read, most translated, and most widely respected modern African writer, novelist and polemical essayist†, especially considering he as been crowned as the inventor of modern African literature (1). The praise he has receivedRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart1325 Words   |  6 Pages Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe Thing Fall Apart, first published in 1958, is Chinua Achebe’s first and most acclaimed novel. Achebe illustrates an approving rendering of Nigerian and African tribal life prior to and subsequent to colonialism. Achebe presents various aspects of a native African community, including war, women mistreatment, violence and conflict, while maintaining a balance in social coherence, customs and tradition. Achebe portrays a clash of culturesRead MoreChinua Achebe : The Invention And Mastery Of Modern African Literature1595 Words   |  7 PagesColleen ODonnell ENG 290 Professor Mann 7 December 2015 TITLE In her essay Chinua Achebe: The Invention and Mastery of Modern African Literature Emeka Aniagolu labels Chinua Achebe as â€Å"the single most important literary figure in modern African literature† (1). Aniagolu goes on to praise Achebe as â€Å"perhaps the most well-known, most widely read, most translated, and most widely respected modern African writer, novelist and polemical essayist†, especially considering he as been crowned as the inventor

Pathology free essay sample

Define cellular adaptations 2) Enumerate the types of cellular adaptations 3) Define hypertrophy and hyperplasia with examples 4) Classify types of atrophy 5) Enumerate the common causes of atrophy 6) Define metaplasia 7) List the various types of metaplasia with examples 8) List the causes of cell injury 9) Name the types of cell injury 10) Give examples of reversible cell injury 11) Define necrosis and name the types of necrosis 12) Define apoptosis 3) List the examples of physiological apoptosis 14) List the examples of pathological apoptosis 15) List the biochemical mechanisms which are affected when a cell is injured Inflammation At the end of the lesson on Inflammation, the student should be able to: Define the following terms- acute and chronic inflammation, transmigration, pavementing, chemotaxis, phagocytosis 2) Name the cardinal signs of inflammation 3) Describe the sequence of vascular changes 4) Enumerate the cellular events of acute inflammation 5) List common examples of acute inflammation 6) List common examples of chronic inflammation ) Describe the histological features of chronic inflammation 8) Differentiate between exudates and transudate Enumerate the outcomes of acute inflammation Repair and healing At the end of the lesson on Repair and healing, the student should be able to: 1) List the types of repair 2) Name the cell types with examples 3) List the growth factors and their role in healing 4) Explain healing of a wound by primary intention 5) List the factors influencing wound healing 6) Enumerate the complications of wound healing 7) Explain healing by secondary intention 8) List the types of fractures 9) Explain the mechanism of fracture healing 0) List the complications of fracture healing Nerve injuries At the end of the lesson on Nerve injuries, the student should be able to: 1) List the types of nerve injuries 2) Explain briefly the reaction to schwann cell injury 3) Explain briefly the reaction to axonal injury List the causes of nerve injuries 5) Classify mechanical nerve injuries on the basis of its severity with examples 6) List the methods used to evaluate nerve functions following injury Muscle injuries At the end of the lesson on Muscle injuries, the student should be able to: 1) List the types of reaction to muscle injury ) Describe the regeneration of muscle fibres following injury Neoplasia At the end of the lesson on Neoplasia, the student should be able to: 1) Define neoplasms 2) List the characteristic features of benign neoplasms 3) List the characteristic features of malignant neoplasms 4) Classify tumors on the basis of histogenesis 5) Define metastasis, describe the pathways of spread okf tumors 6) Describe the clinical manifestations of tumors List the methods commonly used in the laboratory diagnosing of neoplasms Congenital Abnormalities At the end of the lesson on Congenital Abnormalities, the student should be able to: . We will write a custom essay sample on Pathology or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Define the terms malformation, deformation and disruption. 2. List the causes of congenital malformations. 3. Describe briefly inheritance pattern of single gene disorders. 4. Describe briefly pathogenesis of congenital cytogenetic disorders 5. Describe briefly the genetic mechanisms, mode of inheritance and clinical features of the following disorders: Achondroplasia Osteogenesis imperfecta Marfan syndrome Muscular dystrophies 6. Describe briefly the karyotypic abnormality, and clinical features of Down syndrome 7. Describe briefly the developmental abnormality and salient clinical manifestations of Neural Tube Defects Disease of Immune System At the end of the lesson on diseases of the immune system the student should be able to: 1) Classify immunity based on mechanism and on mode of production. 2) Enumerate and describe briefly the cells of the immune system. 3) Explain briefly the role of MHC in immune response. 4) Classify the hypersensitivity reactions. 5) Explain briefly the immunological mechanism of production of the different types of hypersensitivity reactions with examples. 6) Classify immune system deficiencies. Explain briefly the deficiencies involving the cellular, humoral and complement components of the immune system. 8) Explain briefly, etiopathogenesis, mode of spread and treatment aspects of AIDS. 9) Define the terms autoimmunity and immunological tolerance. 10) Enumerate examples of single organ and systemic involvement of Autoimmune disorders. 11) Explain the role of genetic factors and microbial agents in autoimmunity. 12) Describe briefly Systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogrens syndrome, Systemic Sclerosis, Inflammatory myopathies, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Myaesthenia gravis. Mechanical Trauma and Motor Vehicle Accidents At the end of the lesson on mechanical trauma, the student should be able to: 1) Explain briefly the different types of skin and soft tissue injuries. 2) Enumerate the commonest types of injuries that occur in bone, head, chest wall, abdominal wall and pelvic trauma. 3) Explain briefly the mechanisms by which motor vehicle accidents cause injury. 4) Explain briefly gun shot injuries with respect to types of wounds produced and the factors influencing the anatomical nature of the wounds.

United States Constitution Essay Example For Students

United States Constitution Essay Federalism was selected as the most appealing system of government in 1787, primarily because of lack of feasible alternatives. Confederacy had been tried by the 13 states under the Articles of Confederation, and found to be lacking, in that it did not provide adequate cohesiveness between the individual nation-states. However, widespread loyalty to state government and identity prevented the adoption of a fully unitary system. Instead, founders chose federalism as a moderate option which could best meet the needs of a people desiring national unity, but demanding local representation and authority as well. Further consideration revealed the multiple benefits of a federalist system. Federalism provides a significant obstacle for absolutism. The various levels of government and their allotted capabilities provide firewalls against the rapid spread of extremism and radical political mutation. The national government has the ability to check such a transformation as it moves from state to state. Each comprises a separate entity, which can be influenced independently of its neighbors. On the flip side, if a certain political party is ousted from the national government, it is still likely to carry support on the state level, preventing ideological annihilation. Thus the capacity for tyranny is curbed no matter where it originates. Federalism supports union without destroying state identity. Issues can be debated on a state level, before they are addressed on a national scale. Local proceedings affect the position which state legislators take on a national scale. Not all states or parties must be in agreement on the national level, and the conclusions reached by individual states can be compared as they relate to the nation as a whole. With federalism, the results of policies enacted on a state level can be examined before being applied on a nationwide scale. This allows states the opportunity to pioneer reform and to take steps in desired directions ahead of the re mainder of the country. Again, federalism provides a firewall affect, by limiting the destructive potential of original legislation. If the experiment goes awry, its negative impact is limited to the parent state. Successful enterprises can be readily inspected and adopted by other states as they see fit. Solutions to nationwide issues can be tested on the state level before being designed to operate on a larger scale. Federalism also breaks the government up into various levels of decision-making, providing a variety of opportunities for people to become involved. This structure helps to keep the government close to home, and within the grasp of the populace. Active participation in a variety of functions is encouraged by the proximity of people to their local dilemmas. Having the means to change their immediate surroundings empowers the general public. Federalism was the most logical selection in 1787, and it still serves the purposes of a modern world. For the most part the syste m has been successful in preserving what it was meant to safeguard, although some side effects have arisen along the way. None have been too difficult to overcome or at least minimize, although soon it may be time to reevaluate some of those characteristics as they become more prominent. Nevertheless, it seems our founding fathers made a commendable judgment on what form of system would best suit the American people. Question # 4: How interest groups lead to greater inequalities among Americans (or The Prostitution of Democracy) The level of influence able to be obtained by unelected interest groups through political strong-arming has been a concern since the birth of our nation. Although entangled with the financial sustenance of our current system, the relationships between government representatives and adamant wealthy constituents should certainly come under at least some degree of scrutiny. If we allow legislative votes to be bought by the highest bidder or the strongest financ ial supporter, than do we not thoroughly defeat the objectives of democracy? Do we not in fact jeopardize the integrity of our strongest political convictions? We most certainly do. And once we allow such methods to take roost in our capitol, they thoroughly ingrain themselves in the vitality of our system. Gone unchecked, such practices could easily become the ruin of true democratic representation, and transform our government into a vehicle for economic maneuvering and social persecution. We can see these tendencies manifest on a growing scale in the role that certain lobbying practices play in our system today. Specific interest groups usually represent a minute percentage of the population. However, since such groups are focused on specific issues, they may be able to focus large quantities of resources towards the favorable resolution of their issues. They aim to sway legislators by means of a variety of tactics, regardless of more popular opinion. Money, influence, and media are their greatest lures. These lures were practically handed to them (or just never taken away) by the very same people who will be consuming them. But thats how this game is played. More general interest groups, often more closely tied to the interests of the general populace, often have far fewer resources at their disposal. This makes for a very unbalanced arrangement. The more focused, better organized, and more deeply financed factions have greater leverage for making demands, than those which are less narrowly aimed. They often have deeper connections and are more closely tied to the political ambitions of their legislators. Interest groups with enough money are fully capable of swaying public opinion about representatives through limitless indirect advertising and mudslinging. The tinkering of interest groups plays a significant role in elections and has succeeded in diminishing electoral competition. Any representative who wants to stay in office had better hear out the mon ey laden legislation pushers waiting outside the door. If he listens close and does what hes told he can expect to stay on the inside for a long time. The interests of lower-income people are not represented to near the extent that the richer, better organized classes are able to achieve. By allowing money and political connections to play such a large role in lobbying, we basically assure that it will continue to be very difficult for lower classes to drive their issues very successfully, or even to increase proportionate representation in either legislature. Of course thats just fine as far as the rich guys are concerned. They can get more done this way. By allowing a system where legislators are at the financial and influential mercy of whoevers paying, we basically sanction forms of bribery and blackmail as far as I can tell. Loyalty can be bought, or extorted from legislators, and if they dont cooperate, they probably wont be back next term. Hows that for stakes? Do what I say and Ill give you money for your campaign, otherwise Ill spend ten times as much airing commercials that will tear it to shreds. Sound like a bargain? The overrepresentation of small fractions of the privileged few, and the underrepresentation of the less fortunate multitudes obviously contribute to, if not personify many social inequalities in America. Legislation is slanted, representation is slanted, and publication is slanted, all in the favor of the rich and powerful, and once again at the expense of the poor and undereducated. The Federalist and anti federalist were two distinct political parties, which at the time when our nation was at its infancy (fed era 1788-1800), did not agree with each other on certain issues. One of those issues being whether or not to create a national bank. To understand which party is for the bank we must look at their different backgrounds first. The Federalists party believed in a large highly centralized government, while the Anti- federalists be lieved in a small govt. with a limited power. The interpretation of the constitution was also different. Federalists believed in a loose interpretation with enumerated as well as implied powers. Enumerated powers meaning specifically written in the constitution and implied meaning suggested powers. The anti federalist believed in a strict interpretation of the constitution with only enumerated powers, therefore limiting the governments powers, thus giving the states more powers. The main people involved in this debate in whether to have a national bank or not were Madison, Jefferson, and Hamilton. Hamilton, who represented the federalist, wanted the national bank because he thought that the bank would help build our national credit. Madison, representing the anti-federalists, had argued that because the constitution did not specifically empower Congress to issue charters of incorporation, it had no right to do so. However Hamilton answered back by saying that the constitution empowe red the government to do anything necessary and proper to carry out its assigned functions. This power that Hamilton referred to was known in the constitution as the Elastic Clause(Art. I sec.8 Clause 18). Furthermore, the federal govt was allowed to coin money and regulate the value of it. Therefore the feds also argued that since the govt. already had all these enumerated power why not create a bank. These arguments stated by both Hamilton and Madison are an example of strict and loose interpretations of the constitution. Alexander Hamilton was the man who proposed an economic plan to pay off the national debt. As the Secretary of Treasure, his job was to set in order the nations finances and to put the nations economy on a firm footing. Hamilton said to pay off this debt the government had to issue new bonds to cover the old ones. James Madisons objections to this was that the government should pay the original bond holders and not the new holders. Hamilton also purposed that the re be one bank for the whole country. Jefferson condemned the bank because he said that the north would make more money than the south and that the south would suffer. Also Jefferson said that this was unconstitutional. The Government then had a tariff or a tax on imported goods produced in Europe. But this was not enough for Hamilton so he decided to put a excise tax or a sales tax on whiskey. The whiskey rebellion was the cause of these tariffs. Hamilton was still out to get money to pay off the National debt so he went to the wealthy people of the country and asked them for money. The assumption of state debts would give the creditors or the people who originally loaned the money, an incentive to support the new federal government. This made the people in the south furious because some of the southern states had already paid of most of there debts. Southerners also resented this because they thought that the would be taxed to help pay the norths assumption of state debts. Most of these false sayings came from people called speculators or people that didnt know what was going on in the government. The elastic clause gave the government a right to jail or fine the speculators for about almost anything they said about the government. When Jefferson was not the president he had a strict interpretation which mint that he took everything word for word. but once he was elected to be president he practiced a loose interpretation. During the early republic era, distinct individuals contributed to coercing the power the of United Sates federal government to become stronger. These people were George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, and John Marshall. The achievements of all these people include the establishment of the powers of the Federal Government. The founding father of our country is George Washington. This man was the first president of the United States. At that time there was a revolt that led to the Whiskey Rebellion. The Whiskey Rebellion included Hamiltons plan in which a tariff was placed on whiskey to exclude the National debt. (The United States was in National debt at this time because of the expenses of the American Revolution.) Washington used the militia to enforce this tax on Whiskey. This was the solution in Hamiltons plan. Using the enforcement of the militia proved the government could end civil insurrection and compel federal laws the people listen. Therefore, Washington established more power to the central government. Alexander Hamilton was George Washingtons Secretary of the Treasury. He believed in loose construction, which was interpreting the constitution loosely and the belief in implied powers. Hamilton was the founder and leader of the political party called the Federalists. He is famous for his plan called Hamiltons plan which incorporated a national bank, excised a tax on Whiskey, reduced the national debt, and established a strong central government to run the economy. These examples increased the powers of the federal government. The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court during the late 1700s was John Marshall. Like Hamilton, Marshall was also a Federalist. During his Regime, he had a major impact on the Federal government. Marshall judged three Supreme Court cases. They were Marbury versus Madison, McCollough versus Maryland, and Gibbons versus Ogden. These cases instituted a judicial review, strengthened the judicial branch, created a national bank, and distended the definition of state commerce. Thus, the powers of the Federal Government were established. George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, and John Marshall were the keys in opening the gate of the creation of a strong central government and the expansion of Federal Powers. For the first few years of Constitutional government, under the leadership of George Washington, there was a unity, commonly called Federalism that even James Madison (the future architect of the Republican Party) acknowledged in describing the Republican form of g overnment And according to the degree of pleasure and pride we feel in being republicans, ought to be our zeal in cherishing the spirit and supporting the character of Federalists. Although legislators had serious differences of opinions, political unity was considered absolutely essential for the stability of the nation. Political parties or factions were considered evil as Complaints are everywhere heard from our most considerate and virtuous citizens, equally the friends of public and private faith, and of public and personal liberty, that our governments are too unstable, that the public good is disregarded in the conflicts of rival parties, and that measures are too often decided, not according to the rules of justice and the rights of the minor party, but by the superior force of an interested and overbearing majority Public perception of factions were related to British excesses and thought to be the mortal diseases under which popular governments have everywhere perished. J ames Madison wrote in Federalist Papers #10, By a faction, I understand a number of citizens, whether amounting to a majority or a minority of the whole, who are united and actuated by some common impulse of passion, or of interest, adversed to the rights of other citizens, or to the permanent and aggregate interests of the community. He went on to explain that faction is part of human nature; that the CAUSES of faction cannot be removed, and that relief is only to be sought in the means of controlling its EFFECTS. The significant point Madison was to make in this essay was that the Union was a safeguard against factions in that even if the influence of factious leaders may kindle a flame within their particular States, they will be unable to spread a general conflagration through the other States. What caused men like Thomas Jefferson and James Madison to defy tradition and public perceptions against factions and build an opposition party? Did they finally agree with Edmund Burkes famous aphorism: When bad men combine, the good must associate; else they will fall, one by one, an unpitied sacrifice in a contemptible struggle? Did the answer lie in their opposition with the agenda of Alexander Hamilton and the increases of power both to the executive branch as well as the legislative branch of government?Hamilton pushed for The Bank of the United States, a large standing Army raised by the President (Congress was to raise and support armies,) a Department of Navy, funding and excise taxes, and, in foreign policy, a neutrality that was sympathetic to British interest to the detriment of France. Many legislators, especially those in the south, were alarmed to the point that a separation of the Union was suggested as the only way to deal with Hamiltons successes. Many were afraid that the army would be used against them as it had during the Whiskey Rebellion. Southerners saw the taxes to support a new treasury loan favoring pro-British merchants in the commercial cities, and unfairly paid by landowners in the South. These issues as well as neutrality issues between France, England, and the United States were the catalyst for the forming of the Republican Party. The French and English conflict caused many problems with Americas political system. The English Order of Council and the French Milan Decree wreaked havoc with Americas shipping and led to Jays Treaty of 1794. Jays Treaty was advantageous to America and helped to head off a war with Britain, but it also alienated the French. The French reacted by seizing American ships causing the threat of war to loom large in American minds. President Adams sent three commissioners to France to work out a solution and to modify the Franco-American alliance of 1778, but the Paris government asked for bribes and a loan from the United States before negotiations could even begin. The American commissioners refused to pay the bribes and they were denied an audience with accredited authorities and even treated with contempt. Two of the commissioners returned to the United States with Elbridge Gerry staying behind to see if he could work something out. This became known as the XYZ affair and was the beginning of an undeclared naval war between France and the United States. The XYZ affair played right into the hands of the Federalist Party. They immediately renounced all treaties of 1788 with France and began their agenda of creating a large standing army and a Navy Department to deal with the threat of an American-French war. Fear and patriotism were fanned and a strong anti-French sentiment swept the land. Then a gem of a caveat was thrown into the Federalist hands when Monsieur Y boasted that the Diplomatic skill of France and the means she possess in your country, are sufficient to enable her, with the French party in America, to throw the blame which will attend the rupture of the negotiations on the Federalist, as you term yourselves, but on the British party, as France terms you. This boast was to cause suspicion and wide spread denunciation of the Republican Party and its leaders. Senator Sedgwick, majority whip in the Senate, after hearing of the XYZ Affair, said, It will afford a glorious opportunity to destroy faction. Improve it. Hamilton equated the publics perception of the Republicans opposition to the Federalists agenda like that of the Tories in the Revolution. All in all, this boast began the process that became the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798. The Republicans debated against the bills for about a month, but the Federalist had the votes. A background of fear helped keep the public silent and perhaps somewhat approving to the loss of some personal freedoms, as nobody wanted to be accused as a Jacobean. In May of 1778, President Adams declared a day of prayer and fasting. Many thought that the Jacobeans were going to use that day to rise up in insurrection and cut the throats of honest citizens. They even thought they were going to attack P resident Adams and citizens of Philadelphia came out by the hundreds to protect him. Federalist saw this as a demonstration of support for the government. Those who spoke against the Sedition bill were accused of being in league with the Jacobeans. Edward Livingston, in opposing the bill said, If we are ready to violate the Constitution, will the people submit to our unauthorized acts? Sir, they ought not to submit; they would deserve the chains that our measures are forging for them, if they did not resist. The Federalist accused Livingston of sedition because of his implied threat of popular rebellion; a practice seen in future debates when unlawful power was to be enforced. Republican newspapers were railing against the Federalist and especially against the Sedition bill. The Aoura was the leading Republican publication and Benjamin Bache was its editor. Baches ability to get the story out caused much consternation among Federalist. Harrison Gray Otis said that Baches writing inf luenced even intelligent people, What can you expect from the gaping and promiscuous crowd who delight to swallow calumny..? The Federalist needed the Sedition bill to shut down the Republican presses and Bache played right into their hands with his publication of Tallyrands conciliatory letter to the American envoys before the President had even seen it. Republicans insisted that this was a journalistic scoop that would lead to peace because France was willing to negotiate with Edmund Gerry. The Federalist wanted Bache to explain how he had received a letter that the President hadnt even seen yet. They began to accuse him of being in league with France, an agent of Tallyrand and an enemy of the people of the United States. The administration was so incensed with Bache that they didnt wait for passage of the Sedition bill, but had him arrested for treason on June 27, 1778. From the very beginning Republican leaders recognized that the Sedition bill was primarily directed toward the destruction of any opposition to the Federalist Party and its agenda. Albert Gallatin said the Sedition Act was a weapon to perpetuate their authority and preserve their present places. Proof that this bill was politically motivated became obvious when the House voted to extend the act from the original one year proposed to the expiration of John Adams term, March 3, 1801. The States response to the passing of the Sedition Act was mixed. Kentucky and Virginia each responded with acts basically nullifying the Congressional act, but other states accepted the Congress taking authority from what had been a state function. The public response initially appeared mixed. British common law seemed to have preconditioned many to accept a limitation of their personal freedoms. The victory of the Republicans, who ran on a platform of anti-sedition, in the election of 1800 showed that Americans were much more interested in personal freedom than the aristocratic Federalist thought. What would hap pen if Congress submitted a Sedition Bill today as they did in 1778? With our established two-party system (in marked contrast to their conceptions of factions), the freedom of press as a well developed principle, and freedom of speech the cornerstone in Americans sense of liberty; it seems that there would be a major revolt. Are there any instances in 20th century history that compares to the Sedition Acts flagrant disregard of the First Amendment? No government actions seem so blatantly unconstitutional as the Sedition Act of 1798; but, there are many actions since then that have caused much more personal pain than the twenty-seven persons convicted under the Sedition Act. In times of war it is understood that many personal liberties may be curtailed, especially for enemy aliens living in the United States. The War Relocation Authority signed by President Roosevelt caused thousands of enemy aliens as well as Japanese-American citizens to lose everything as they were interned in co ncentration camps throughout the West. These Americans were told that if they were true patriotic citizens they would go without complaining. If they were to complain then that was prima facie evidence that they were not loyal citizens. In June of 1940, Americas fear of German aggression led to the enactment of the Smith Act. Much like the Alien and Sedition Act it required all aliens to be registered and fingerprinted. It also made it a crime to advocate or teach the violent overthrow of the United States, or to even belong to a group that participated in these actions. The United States Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the law in the case of eleven communist (Dennis v United States.) This decision was later modified in 1957 (Yates v United States.) The Court limited conviction to direct action being taken against government, ruling that teaching communism or the violent overthrow of government did not in itself constitute grounds for conviction. Another instance of go vernmental infringement of the liberties of American citizens is the well known Senate Sub-committee on un-American Activities headed by Joseph McCarthy. Thousands of people lost their livelihood and personal reputations were shattered by innuendo, finger pointing, and outright lies. As in earlier instances of uncontrolled excesses by people in government, guilt was assumed and protestations of innocence were evidence that something was being hidden. In 1993, rumblings were heard from the Democratic controlled Congress that there needed to be fairness in broadcasting. If one viewpoint was shared, they felt the opposing viewpoint must be given fair time to respond. This was facetiously called the Rush Act in response to the phenomenal success of conservative radio talk show host, Rush Limbaugh. As in the 1790s when Republicans formed newspapers to counteract the Federalist control of the press; many conservatives felt that the few conservative broadcasters and programs had a long way to go before they balanced the liberal press. Fortunately, as in the 1800 election, Republicans gained control of Congress in 1992 and the Rush Act died a natural death. Recently many Americans have become concerned with domestic terrorism. Waco, the Oklahoma Federal Building, and now the Freemen in Montana have caused citizens and legislators alike to want something done. The House of Representatives just approved HR2768. This bill will curtail many liberties for American citizens as well as Aliens. The following are eight points made by the ACLU concerning this bill:1. Broad terrorism definition risks selective prosecution2. More illegal wiretaps and less judicial control will threaten privacy 3. Expansion of counterintelligence and terrorism investigations threatens privacy4. The Executive would decide which foreign organizations Americans could support5. Secret evidence would be used in deportation proceedings 6. Foreign dissidents would be barred from the United States7. Feder al courts would virtually lose the power to correct unconstitutional Incarceration8. Aliens are equated with terroristsThis bill has many points in common with the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798, the Smith Act of 1950, the McCarren Act of 1950, and the Executive Order of Feb.19, 1942 that led to War Relocation Authority. Each one of these actions were taken when fear controlled the public and an agenda controlled the people in authority. Thankfully, the American people have the Constitution and the Bill of Rights to bring them back from the edge, and to force those in positions of responsibility to accountability. The responsibility of government lies with the governed. If the American people react to trying situations and events in fear, then a general malaise and sense of helplessness will permeate the collective American consciousness. The abdication of personal responsibility erodes liberty, creating an atmosphere of dependency, that leads to bigger government and its pseudo se curity. Edward Livingstons statement, If we are ready to violate the Constitution, will the people submit to our unauthorized acts? 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